Posts Tagged ‘Vertebrae’
Monday, December 19th, 2011
Nocturnal: Active by night
Occipital condyle: The point at the rear of the skull to which the vertebral column attaches. In reptiles the condyle is single; in amphibians it it paired.
Pentadactyl: Having five digits.
Secondary palate: A bony reinforcement along the roof of the mouth, found principally in skinks.
Temporal fossa: The opening found behind the eye in the skull. In some forms the fossa is roofed over by bone, while in others it exists as a large gap, frequently bordered inferiorly by a temporal arch.
Zygantra: A pair of recesses in the vertebrae of snakes into which the paired zygosphenes insert.
Zygosphenes: Paired projections located on the posterior surface of the vertebrae of snakes. These insert into the zygantra to prevent the serpent’s body from twisting on its axis. These processes are generally not found in lizards.
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Tags: Axis, Digits, Gap, Kelowna, Lizards, Palate, Puerto Morelos, Recesses, Reflexology Treatment, Reinforcement, Riki, Roof Of The Mouth, Serpent, Skinks, Skull, Snakes, Temporal Arch, Temporal Fossa, Vertebrae, Vertebral Column
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Wednesday, December 8th, 2010
Swift desert species where bipedality is common, the hind limbs may be quite strong and longer than the forelimbs. In species that can leap well, as in the American collared lizards (Crotaphytus), this situation is readily apparent. Those lizards not so swift of foot, such as horned lizards and Gila monsters, are equipped with strong nearly equal-sized limbs, usually with strong claws.
In regard to limbs, the geckos and certain Anolis have developed a special toe pad composed of millions of microscopic hooks which give the lizard the ability to scale most objects and to even walk along ceilings. While this feature is not universal among geckos, it is a trait by which most geckos are known.
The tail of many lizards is known as an excellent defense from predators because it can often be disconnected from the rest of the body. Being broken at a special point on the tail vertebra, the muscles and blood vessels allows almost no bleeding. In those lizards that rely heavily on this defense, the tail will eventually regenerate. This process of tail or limb loss is known as autotomy. The regrown tail will not as perfect as the original, nor will it contain any true vertebrae.
The tail has other purposes in other species. We already described the prehensile tail. In those forms that run bipedally, the tail is necessary organ of balance. Species that need this organ for balance, such as Crotaphytus and Chlamydosaurus, do not readily lose the tail.
Certain lizards have relatively short tails, with a special purpose. The Old World agamids Uromastix and Agama batil lifera have tails shorter than the head and body length, but these tails are equipped with sharp spines, a defense against potential predators. If they must secure themselves in a crevice, they keep the tail facing the entrance to discourage pursuit.
The Gila monster and beaded lizard both have bulky tails. This organ serves as a fat reserve from which the lizards can derive nourishment during times of bad hunting.
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Tags: Agama, Anolis, Chlamydosaurus, Collared Lizards, Crevice, Desert Species, Forelimbs, Geckos, Gila Monster, Gila Monsters, Hind Limbs, Horned Lizards, Limb Loss, Lizards, Nourishment, Prehensile Tail, Spines, Toe Pad, Uromastix, Vertebrae
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Thursday, March 4th, 2010
The vertebrae are the first bones encountered beyond the skull. The first vertebra is the atlas, so named because it must bear the skull. The second bone is the axis, the pivot point which allows free movement of the head and neck. The hyoid apparatus is in the throat, roughly beneath and in front of these first vertebrae. It may be connected with a vertebra, or it may be a free unit. It protects the windpipe.
The body of the vertebra is called a centrum; the space between centra is the intercentrum. The vertebral centra may be one of two types, either amphicoelous (biconcave) or procoelus (concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly). The backbone runs the entire length of the tail, but should this member be lost, the replacement will be forever devoid of true vertebrae. Along the tail section, when true vertebrae are present, one can locate the plane of autotomy, which is usually a cartilaginous plate before or behind the transverse process of the vertebra.
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Saturday, December 5th, 2009
The evolutionary tree of dinosaurs contains a great deal of information. The horizontal axis represents time, and the vertical axis represents dinosaurian diversity. All the major families of dinosaurs are indicated with horizontal lines that record their known distribution in time, as based upon present fossil evidence. Future finds of dinosaur skeletons may extend the time ranges backwards or forwards in time.
There are two “fixed” time lines that do not seem to be breached, however. The dinosaurs arose from a single ancestor some 230 million years ago, in the Middle to Late Triassic, and it is unlikely that older dinosaur skeletons will be found. The second “fixed” time line corresponds to the extinction of the last dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Despite strenuous efforts to find post-Mesozoic dinosaur specimens, and many reports of supposed discoveries, no such remains have withstood close scrutiny. Most usually, post-mesozoic dinosaur bones have been reworked, that is, removed from the rock by natural erosion and redeposited in a younger sediment.
The most important aspect of this phylogenetic tree is the representation of the relationships between the different families. This is based on recent cladistic anlyses, carried out by a number of North American and European vertebrae paleontologists after 1985, and the pattern shown here is quite revolutionary in the sense that it is dramatically different from anything in popular books of this sort. It is also important because it shows a much higher degree of resolution than the earlier phylogenies; that is, the pattern of relationships is shown in a much more detailed way than was possible before.
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Wednesday, January 14th, 2009
The vertebrae are the first bones encountered beyond the skull areas. The first vertebrae is the atlas, so named because it must bear the skull. The second bone is the axis , the pivot point which allows free movement of the head and neck areas. The hyoid apparatus in the throatal areas , roughly behind an in front of these first vertebrae, or it may be a free unit – free standing so to speak. It protects the windpipe.
The body of the vertebrae is called a “centrum ; the space between centra is the intercentrum. The vertebral centra may be one of two types , either amphicouelous ( biconcave) or procoelus ( concave anterior , convex posterior). The backbone runs the entire length of the tail, but should this member be lost. the replacement will forever be devoid of true vertebrae. Along the rail section , when true vertebrae are present. one can locate the plane of autonomy, which is usually a cartilaginous plate before or behind the transverse process of the vertebra.
The forelimbs are supported from the pectoral girdle. The humerus bone articulates at a point between the sternum and interscapula. Similarly the femur fits into an opening of the ischium. At the lowest point of the pectoral girdle is the sternum , a bone which protects a good part of the internal organs. Between the sternum and the pelvis may be a bony or cartilaginous union of the ribs, known as the parasternum. Extending from beneath the scapula and uniting with the sternum is the clavicle , a bone always present in pairs.
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