Posts Tagged ‘Triassic’

The Origin of the Dinosaurs

Tuesday, December 15th, 2009


Most of the synapomorphies of the leg that appear in Ornithosuchus, advance in Lagosuchus, and come to full development in the dinosaurs are concerned with the acquisition of an erect gait – or the fully upright posture. It is important to note that erect or upright gait does not necessarily mean bipedal. Cows and horses have the erect gait and posture, just as much as humans do.

The first archosaurs were sprawlers, like modern lizards and salamanders. The limbs stuck out sideways from the body, and the elbows and knees form right angles at all times as the animal walks. Even at speed, a lizard generally swings its limbs far out to the side of its body, and it is assumed that the Early Triassic archosaurs moved in a similar way. During the Middle Triassic, most archosaurs adopted a semi-erect posture in which the body could be lifted clear of the ground, with the arms and legs tucked partly underneath for rapid locomotion. Finally, in the Middle and Late Triassic, the two archosaur lineages noted above – the crocodilian and dinosaur lines – adopted an erect posture in which the limbs were tucked underneath the body at all times. This seems to have happened independently in each line.

The aetosaurs, rauisuchians and early crocodilians evolved an erect posture in which the acetabula shifted beneath the hip bones and the heads of the femurs fitted straight up into them, like straight columns beneath a building. The members of the dinosaur line used the approach seen in mammals, in which the acetabula remain on the side of the hip bones but the femurs develop right-angled heads that fit in from the sides. In this design the relationship of hip girdle and leg is more like a buttress on the side of a church building, rather than a column beneath its roof, but the result is the same. The legs of dinosaurs, and of mammals, come together in a slightly knock-kneed fashion beneath the body, and this is a crucial feature.

Uglogical

http://uglogical.com/

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Dinosaur Family Tree

Saturday, December 5th, 2009


The evolutionary tree of dinosaurs contains a great deal of information. The horizontal axis represents time, and the vertical axis represents dinosaurian diversity. All the major families of dinosaurs are indicated with horizontal lines that record their known distribution in time, as based upon present fossil evidence. Future finds of dinosaur skeletons may extend the time ranges backwards or forwards in time.

There are two “fixed” time lines that do not seem to be breached, however. The dinosaurs arose from a single ancestor some 230 million years ago, in the Middle to Late Triassic, and it is unlikely that older dinosaur skeletons will be found. The second “fixed” time line corresponds to the extinction of the last dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Despite strenuous efforts to find post-Mesozoic dinosaur specimens, and many reports of supposed discoveries, no such remains have withstood close scrutiny. Most usually, post-mesozoic dinosaur bones have been reworked, that is, removed from the rock by natural erosion and redeposited in a younger sediment.

The most important aspect of this phylogenetic tree is the representation of the relationships between the different families. This is based on recent cladistic anlyses, carried out by a number of North American and European vertebrae paleontologists after 1985, and the pattern shown here is quite revolutionary in the sense that it is dramatically different from anything in popular books of this sort. It is also important because it shows a much higher degree of resolution than the earlier phylogenies; that is, the pattern of relationships is shown in a much more detailed way than was possible before.

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