Posts Tagged ‘Mammals’
Friday, May 18th, 2012
Reptiles are sexual animals and are the group that introduced internal fertilization to the vertebrate line. Thus, in a manner of speaking, they laid the foundation for the family unit in higher vertebrates, and from this came human society itself, with all its excitement and troubles. The ancestral amphibians deposited their eggs virtually naked in the water, and fertilized them by simply releasing sperm in the general vicinity. The hazards of such an informal operation to both sperm and egg are obvious. The reptilian egg, however, enters the world already fertilized, and packaged against a certain amount of environmental adversity. One need only compare the dozen or so eggs laid by the average lizard with the thousands laid by toads to see the great economy the new method has brought.
But even an egg with a shell is delicate. It can incubate successfully only within a narrow range of conditions of temperature, humidity and concealment. It is thus not surprising to find that a few reptiles have independently hit upon the recourse that we think of as one of the main attributes of the mammals – that of producing living young. All the live-bearing reptiles of modern times are lizards and snakes.
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Tags: Adversity, Amphibians, Concealment, Human Society, Internal Fertilization, lizard, Lizards, Mammals, Naked In The Water, Recourse, reptiles, Sexual Animals, Snakes, Sperm, Temperature Humidity, Think Of As One, Toads, Vertebrates, Vicinity, Wedding Caterer
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Saturday, April 7th, 2012
Laying scores of eggs and burying them for concealment in sand or earth. Tuataras’ eggs, which are buried in shallow holes near their burrows, are given still further protection by the very remoteness and desolation of their island hatcheries. But many reptiles have evolved ways of keeping their eggs during part or even all of their incubation period in the safest of all hiding places: the body of the mother. Some hatch the eggs in the oviduct, some have developed placentalike connections, similar to those in mammals, to feed the embryo as it grows. But however they are born, baby reptiles meet the world fully formed and prepared to fend for themselves.
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Tags: Amp, Bud, Burrows, Canad Inns Winnipeg, Concealment, Desolation, Earth, Eggs, Embryo, Hatch, Hatcheries, Incubation Period, Mammals, Oviduct, reptiles, Shallow Holes, Spud, Tuataras
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Wednesday, December 29th, 2010
Mammals like Diadectes, with its thick body, short skull and sprawling limbs, was a member of this ancestral stock from which evolved such totally different creatures as Nyctosaurus, a pigeon-sized flying reptile with an eagle wingspread, and Moschops, a ponderous plant eater.
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Tags: Auto Repair Shop, Creatures, Edmonton Alberta, Flying Reptile, Mammals, Moschops, Pigeon, Plant Eater, Skull, Stock, Thick Body, Wingspread
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Saturday, December 25th, 2010
The history of reptiles, from their first appearance during the Carboniferous to the present, is traced on this chart. (Each white area represents a major order plotted according to when it first began to flower and how long it lasted.) In addition to the major groups, many short-lived offshoots developed. For reasons of space only two of them, represented by the marine forms Geosaurus and Tylosaurus, have been included here. Solid bars on the chart indicate lines of descent which have been fairly well established by the fossil record. Broken bars are used where the fossil evidence is sketchy.
A striking aspect of reptile history is how, from the primitive cotylosaurs (here represented by Seymouria), these creatures radiated to occupy an enormous variety of niches on land, in the water, and in the air. One group of cotylosaurian descendants that played a profound role in the development of reptiles was the thecodonts, primitive archosaurs. Not only did they give rise to the Ornithischia and Saurischia (popularly called dinosaurs), but also the Pterosauria (flying reptiles) and the Crocodilia. Thecodonts were even related to the ancestral birds. The mammals evolved from another group, the therapsids, shown at lower left.
Another curious fact of reptilian evolution revealed by this chart is the relative suddenness with which order after order disappeared toward the end of the Cretaceous, described as “the time of the great.”
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Tags: Archosaurs, Broken Bars, Cretaceous, Curious Fact, Dinosaurs, Enormous Variety, First Appearance, Flying Reptiles, Fossil Evidence, History Of Reptiles, Mainstay Hotels, Mainstay Suites, Mammals, Niches, Offshoots, Ornithischia, Profound Role, Reptilian Evolution, Spruce Grove Alberta, Striking Aspect, Thecodonts, Therapsids, Tylosaurus, Winning Lottery Numbers
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Monday, August 9th, 2010
Reptiles are sexual animals and are the group that introduced internal fertilization to the vertebrate line. Thus, in a manner of speaking, they laid the foundation for the family unit in higher vertebrates, and from this came human society itself, with all its excitement and troubles. The ancestral amphibians deposited their eggs virtually naked in the water, and fertilized them by simply releasing sperm in the general vicinity. The hazards of such an informal operation to both sperm and egg are obvious. The reptilian egg, however, enters the world already fertilized, and packaged against a certain amount of environmental adversity. One need only compare the dozen or so eggs laid by the average lizard with the thousands laid by toads to see the great economy the new method has brought.
But even an egg with a shell is delicate. It can incubate successfully only within a narrow range of conditions of temperature, humidity and concealment. It is thus not surprising to find that a few reptiles have independently hit upon the recourse that we think of as one of the main attributes of the mammals – that of producing living young.
A fertile sea turtle lays round in a hole it has dug in warm, incubating sand of Australia’s Great barrier Reef. When about 100 eggs are laid, it will cover the hole and depart. During one breeding season a mature female will deposit from two to five clutches.
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Tags: Amphibians, Capital Car, Car Carriers, Clutches, Concealment, Derrick Dodge, Egg Shell, Great Barrier Reef, Human Society, Internal Fertilization, Mammals, Mature Female, Naked In The Water, Recourse, reptiles, Sea Turtle, Sexual Animals, Shelled Egg, Sperm, Temperature Humidity, Think Of As One, Toads, Vertebrates
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Friday, July 9th, 2010
Correct feeding is probably the most important aspect of keeping your iguana in good health, and is also the area in which most problems occur. Iguanas are herbivorous, that is, they eat plants; but they will also devour insects and small rodents in the wild.
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Their large size means adult iguanas have few natural predators, but they are the prey of large snakes, such as boas and anacondas. Baby iguanas are more vulnerable, being preyed on by turtles, large fish, and a variety of mammals and birds.
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Wednesday, May 5th, 2010
Up to two-thirds of an iguana’s length is taken up by the tail, which, interestingly, can be shed as a defensive mechanism if the iguana is attacked. This behavior is rarely seen in captivity, but care should be taken with young iguanas because they may react like this if grabbed by the tail. The tail, incidentally, does grow back, but will never be as attractive as the original.
The green or common iguana is a reptile and therefore is considered cold-blooded. The proper term for this is ectothermic, which means the animal derives its body heat from its surroundings, rather than producing heat internally as mammals do. This makes reptiles very efficient because they do not have to waste energy producing heat. Much of the food eaten by mammals goes into producing the energy.
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Tuesday, January 5th, 2010
From the time of Aristotle through Linnaeus and even more recently, the classes of animal life were described as warm-blooded or cold-blooded. Unfortunately for describers of animal life who like to simplify, there is no absolute black and no absolute white in nature. All life is full of shades of gray. Mammals that hibernate do so with body temperatures much lower than their normal operating temperature. This goes for the bear and the woodchuck and doubtless many others.
Among reptiles the temperature regulation is managed by their behavior. A cool snake will bask in the sun or partially bury itself in warm sand. An overheated lizard will seek shade or a burrow. Perhaps additional study will show that when the Indian python incubates her eggs she is actually providing some temperature regulation as well. If thermo-regulation is necessary for reptile health (and this does seem to be the case), and this regulation is behavioral, then the pet keeper is duty bound to provide the environment in which his pet can behave to suit his temperature requirements. Nothing profound about that, but it is up to you to furnish a heat source with basking areas at various distances from it and also a shadow area where your pet can escape if the heat gets to be too much. All this can easily fit into a cage. Mount a light at the top, then several shelves or branches at various distances and then perhaps you will discover that the shadows created under the shelves provide the cool escape areas as well. Just make sure that what you erect is rugged and stable. A light that falls down and traps or burns your pet is your fault. Don’t blame the stupid iguana.
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Saturday, December 19th, 2009
The erect posture of dinosaurs is often said to be the key to their success. Why is this? An important reason is that an erect posture is mechanically more satisfactory than a sprawling one. The weight of the body is supported entirely from below. In a sprawler, the weight of the body is supported from the sides. While gravity effectively pulls straight down from the center of the body mass, in a sprawler this force has to be converted into a sideways component along the femur or humerus (upper arm bone), and then a vertical component down the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna (forearm bones), which causes great stresses are avoided if the gravitational force of the animal’s mass is transferred down through a straight, erect limb.
This mechanical advantage is important. Firstly, erect animals can run in a more sustained way: not necessarily faster, but with more stamina, because the effort of supporting the body weight is much less than in a sprawler. This would have been an immediate advantage to an archosaur chasing sprawling prey animals or escaping from a sprawling carnivore. Interestingly, the main plant-eating groups of the Middle Triassic, the pig-like rhynchosaurs and dicynodonts, were evolving semi-erect gaits at the same time. Indeed, the ancestors of the mammals, the cynodonts – which were moderate-sized carnivores at that stage – also showed similar advances.
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Saturday, December 12th, 2009
The inturned head of the femur (the beginnings of the full right-angled femur head seen in dinosaurs and in a different from in mammals); the straight knee joint; the reduced hinge-like ankle joint (technically termed the advanced mesotarsal, or AM, ankle); the long toes and the digitigrade posture of the foot, in which only the toes touch the ground, not the sole of the foot as in earlier archosaurs – and in humans today.
Most of the dinosaur-like characters are also seen in the flying pterosaurs. Certain paleontologists argue that Lagosuchus, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs together form a major clade that arose in the Middle to Late Triassic, some 230 million years ago.
The dinosaur-like synapomorphies of this clade, and their further modification in the dinosaurs proper, are part of a major series of related anatomical changes that took place among the archosaurs during the Triassic, and which may have been the key to the origin of the dinosaurs.
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