Posts Tagged ‘Lizards’
Thursday, September 29th, 2011
Easily the largest lizard family in numbers, species, and range, skinks occur everywhere a lizard can, except in the sea. Skinks are unique among lizards in having a secondary palate. Osteoderms are present. Frontal bones distinct except in the Feylininae; this subfamily (often considered a full family, Feyliniidae) also lacks the jugal bone and is viviparous or oviparous. Skinks have movable eyelids, except for Ablepharis, which has a clear spectacle. In addition, the lizards formerly classified as the full family Feyliniidae are now included in the Scincidae by most herpetologists; this group includes forms lacking both functional eyes and eyelids. Ear openings are usually present, as is the power of autotomy. The scales are usually smooth.
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Sunday, September 25th, 2011
This small family has not yet been seriously allied with any other group, so it maintains the distinctiveness of its own family status. There are but two species, one with two subspecies, found only in California and Baja California. They are limbless lizards lacking an external ear but possessing eyelids and functional eyes. They are very thin bodied, and a giant may be nine inches long. The upper temporal arch is absent. Osteoderms reduced, the scales smooth and subequal. The head is conical, the upper jaw extending far beyond the lower. The tongue is smooth, dark, bifid, and protrusible. Columella cranii absent.
Teeth few, large, recurved, resembling those of Heloderma. The taxa are as follows: silvery legless lizard, Anniella pulchra pulchra; black legless lizard, A. pulchra nigra; and Geronimo legless lizard, A. geronimensis.
These lizards are fossorial and prefer loose soil near moisture, such as beaches. They feed on small invertebrae animals including earthworms. The species are known to be viviparous.
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Tags: Baja California, Bifid, Columella, Distinctiveness, Earthworms, Edmonton, External Ear, Eyelids, Legless Lizard, Limbless Lizards, lizard, Lizards, Loose Soil, Mazda3, Nigra, Scales, Subspecies, Taxa, Temporal Arch, Upper Jaw
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Wednesday, September 21st, 2011
Amniote egg: An egg which contains the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity during development. Such a mechanism is found only in reptiles, birds, and mammals. The membrane which envelopes the cavity is called the amnion.
Arches: Skeletal bridges found in the skull. These arches underlie the region for which they are named. Absent in lizards is the arch formed by the jugal and quadrate bones. This feature is present in the similar tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) of New Zealand. The arch most typically found in lizards is the temporal arch, formed from the squamosal and postorbital bones.
Atlas: The first vertebral segment, articulating directly to the skull at the occipital condyle.
Axis: The second vertebral segment, which is responsible for the movement of the skull.
Columella cranii: Also known as epipterygoid bone, a rodlike pair of thin shafts found on either side of the braincase.
Crepuscular: Active by dusk or dawn.
Diurnal: Active by day.
Fossorial: Being by nature a burrowing animal.
Homeostasis: The metabolic balancing of bodily functions to a normal state of operation. For example, maintenance of body temperature, water retention, etc.
Jacobson’s organ: A paired sensory mechanism found in the roof of the mouth in certain reptiles. Air particles from outside are brought by the tongue to this organ for analysis. It is essentially an extension of the sense of smell.
Lateral fold: The long margin along the body of certain lizards whose skin contains osteoderms, such as Ophisaurus and Gerrhosaurus. The fold region is devoid of osteoderms, allowing bodily growth.
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Sunday, September 18th, 2011
Eyelids well developed. Ear exposed. Limbs well developed, pentadactyl, bearing strong claws. Head blunt. The body is stocky and bulky, the tail thick and short. Osteoderms are present. The lower teeth are grooved and venom glands are located in the posterior section of the lower jaw. The scales are non-overlapping, looking like Indian beadwork. The two species are oviparous and are confined to Arizona and western coastal Mexico. These are the only venomous lizards.
The exact nature of the venom is not well known. It is apparently neurotoxic, causing paralysis, but a lethal dosage has not been universally agreed upon. Human fatalities have been few and were probably not attributable solely to the lizard, as the victims were usually well intoxicated by alcohol. In at least one death the nature of the victim, being juvenile, probably didn’t help.
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Saturday, September 10th, 2011
With the popularity of science fiction being what it is today, few people have not seen a Lost Island-type picture where the bold scientist and hid party encounter the “last surviving dinosaurs.” One fact pervades all the grand attempts of the cinema to depict a dinosaur: all dinosaurs have to have crests, frills, or spines. The lizards and crocodiles used in these movies are always adorned with this fancy make-up.
But among the vast array of living lizards, few of the large ones possess such fancy accouterments, while many small forms are more bizarre that anything Hollywood could conceive. The large iguanas do have dorsal crests, but nothing like what one sees in the movies. Admittedly, there are a few large forms like Hydrosaurus which would fit the bill nicely, but they are exceptional.
Considered to be fairly plain lizards, the genus Anolis has members with a developed caudal sail, while males of the genus as a whole are known for their bright throat fans. The true chameleons have great diversity in facial horns, as do the agamid lizards of the genus Harpesaurus. Ceratophora has a single horn-like flap on the tip of its snout, while Lyriocephalus has a small globe on theirs.
The Australian lizard Chlamydosaurus kingii may have the most unique accessory of all. On either side of the body is a large flap of skin. When alarmed, the lizard extends these flaps even with the head, greatly enlarging its appearance. This trait has earned it the name of frilled dragon.
The list of bizarre forms goes on with the American horned lizards (Phrynosoma) and the Australian moloch (Moloch). There exists the beautiful union of form and function in the wings of Draco. Certain Central American teiids, genus Proctoporus, have light-reflecting spots along their sides; one form may even be bioluminescent.
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Tuesday, August 30th, 2011
Among other deformations may be seen truncation of the head, malformation of the mouth and deficiencies in the dentigerous bones. Kalin (1937) saw such cases in crocodiles, all caused by skeletal anomalies. Wermuth (1961) described an anomaly in a specimen of Testudo h. Germanni Gmelin, the Greek tortoise. The animal had a single supra-caudal scale which is typical for T. graeca L. and a serrated edge of the carapace which is typical for T. marginata Schoepff. Anomalies of the carapace are fairly common in chelonians (Martens, 1936). They may be combined with other abnormal developments.
Albinotic animals are most striking among colour deviations in reptiles. Melanism, the opposite, also occurs frequently. Schetty (1950) reported on a melanotic lizard.
It seems doubtful whether the appearance of accessory parietal organs described for instance by Haffner (1955) for Lacerta vivipara Jaquin should be included among the anomalies since they are extraordinarily common in reptiles, particularly so in lizards. Haffner himself found such rudimentary eyes in one-sixth of his material. Attempts at lens and retina formation can clearly be seen in these organs.
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Friday, July 1st, 2011
The road then levels out onto a granite plateau with numerous exfoliations. There we stopped to have a look around and uncovered a number of reptiles. The first was a legless lizards, the excitable delma (Delma tincta) found beneath an exfoliation. Delmas are widely distributed over most of Australia, with this particular species inhabiting the tropical north. The marking on the delma’s hear are very similar to the markings on juvenile brown snakes (genus Psuedonaja), which this species is believed to mimic. Another habit of the excitable delma, from which its common name stems, is the lizard’s tendency to jump or flick itself into the air when distraught. This may also be a part of its mimicry, imitating the strike of a snake.
We discovered a massive major skink (Egernia frerei) under a rock that was barely longer than the animal itself. This was the largest specimen of this lizard that any of us could remember.
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Tuesday, June 21st, 2011
They range in size from 15 inches to as long as 2 1/2 feet (including tail) for the Egyptian Mastigure. With frequent human interaction these lizards will not struggle against handling. They almost never bite, but will try to inflict injury by whipping enemies with their powerful, spiked tails. In addition, mastigures practice tail autotomy as a defensive measure, so be careful not to intimidate them or handle them roughly lest you wind up with a less-than-perfect stub-tailed specimen.
More and more captive-born specimens are being offered; it’s always a good idea to purchase these rather than wild-caught specimens because their health tends to be much better.
Mastigures require a roomy cage, with a length at least three to four times the lizard’s length, a sandy substrate of 2 to 3 inches in depth (use white of color-fast sterile store-bought aquarium sand) and a number of rocks to add realism to the environment. Heat can be provided by keeping them in a warm spot in your house as well as by using a 100 watt heat bulb from above and an under-cage heating pad under a portion of the enclosure. Mastigures definitely like it hot and won’t eat or be active if temperatures drop too low which, in their case, is 85 degrees F or less. Temperatures up to 120 degrees F are easily tolerated by most species of this group since they come from some of the most torrid deserts in the world.
Natural, unfiltered sunlight is a plus, but if it’s not available, use a fluorescent tube capable of emitting UV-B light. If the sides of your enclosure are high enough, it is not necessary to cover or lid the top as these lizards are not great climbers or jumpers. This gives you the opportunity of opening a window during warm days and allowing the enclosure to be bathed in sunlight unfiltered by a glass or screen top.
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Friday, June 17th, 2011
The tegu lizards, also known as racerunners and whiptails, include some 240 species. They are found in the southern United States and in Mexico, Central America and throughout most of South America, save the southernmost tip. Teiids also occur in the West Indies. Most teiids are only about 5 or 6 inches long, but a few grow much longer, with body lengths of 20 inches or more. Almost all have well-developed limbs on a sturdy body. They have movable eyelids, often covered with scales.
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Wednesday, June 8th, 2011
There are approximately a thousand different species of skink worldwide – throughout North, Central and South America and in Africa, Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia, Indo-Malaysia and the Australian archipelago, as well as on many oceanic islands throughout the world. They are a highly successful and diversified group of lizards. They occupy every conceivable habitat and climate, including near salt water and fresh water; they are even found as high as the tree line of the Himalayan mountains. They are primarily ground dwellers and burrowers, although some are at least semiarboreal and a few are semiaquatic as well. Most ground-dwelling or terrestrial skinks are semifossorial. They range in size from 1 inch to as long as 15 inches or more in body length, longer if you count the tail. They are noted for their flat, shiny scales and cylindrical bodies.
One of the largest and most popular skinks kept as pets is the Blue-tongued Skink (Tilaquia sp.), some species of which are heavy bodied and measure 1 1/2 feet or more in length when fully grown, including their tail.
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