Posts Tagged ‘Lizards’

The Lacertids

Monday, October 31st, 2011


The genus Nucras are very fancifully colored. The body and tail are cylindrical and the limbs short. The genus is African.

The lacertids range from within the Arctic Circle (one species) to the tropics. They coexist with man and dwell in the darkest recesses of Africa. A good many forms are found in Asia both those areas bordering the Indian Ocean. The predominantly European genus Lacerta includes many green forms, probably the reason why people generally regard lizards as “green things.” Lacerta vivipara is a widespread form which gives birth to young in the cooler regions it inhabits, while it lays eggs in the warmer regions. Lacerta ocellata and L. lepida are very colorful members of the group. The latter is the family giant, growing to two feet in length. Most lacertids are carnivorous, but many will also accept plants.

 

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Varanus Rudicollis

Sunday, October 23rd, 2011


The rough-necked monitor of Borneo, Varanus Rudicollis, is easily recognized by the extremely thin snout, long nostril, and enlarged heeled nuchal scales.

Temporal arch is present. Osteoderms are greatly reduced or absent. Scalation is uniformly small and granular. The tail may be spiny or long and whip-like. The family consists of one genus, with nearly 60 varieties, found in Africa (except Madagascar), Asia, and Australia.

These lizards are active predators. They can run, swim, and climb well; many are excellent burrowers. When frightened in the open, they aim at clambering up the nearest vertical object, herpetologists not excepted! These animals are strictly carnivorous and strictly oviparous.

 

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Varanidae

Wednesday, October 19th, 2011


To this group belong the true monitors, the true monitors, the true giants among lizards. The largest living lizard is Varanus komodoensis, the Komodo dragon of Indonesia, while Varanus salvator may be as long, if not as heavy. At the other extreme are Varanus brevicauda and V. gilleni, both of Australia and both under a foot in length. In all monitors there are four powerful limbs equipped with five sharp claws. The eyelids are present and the ear is exposed. The snout and neck are long, as are the teeth. The tongue is long, bifid, and protrusible.

 

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Lanthanotus

Saturday, October 15th, 2011


This acts in the same manner that a snake would, only slower. It is also a fossorial form, having been found underground as often as in water. These lizards are nocturnal beasts, but even then they move very little. Although the eyelids are functional, the lizard almost always elects to view his world through the spectacle in the lower eyelid. The tail appears segmented and is somewhat prehensile; whether or not Lanthanotus climbs is unknown. The color is reddish brown above, while below it is mottled pale orange and yellow.

 

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Ophisaurus Ventralis

Tuesday, October 11th, 2011


Ophisaurus Ventralis, the common glass lizard of the eastern United States, is often bright green in color. There are many limbless forms in this family, including Anguis and Ophisaurus. Ophiodes is a New World limbless form, while the Caribbean Wetmorena has very small, thin limbs.

The alligator lizards, genus Gerrhonotus, have prehensile tails to facilitate climbing. These lizards make excellent pets and can be induced to stand on their hind legs and “beg” as a pet dog would. The galliwasps of the genus Diploglossus may be nearly two feet long. These stocky, skink-like lizards are nearly identical to the smaller Wetmorena, but while the former is pentadactyl, the latter is tetradactyl. The diminutive Sauresia sepsoides is another closely allied form.

The glass “snakes” of the Ophisaurus group have the widest distribution. There are four of five varieties in the United States, one in Europe and Russia, and one in China. The little Ophiodes are similar but have flap-like hind limbs; as these are essentially useless, I refer to the genus above as “limbless.”

 

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Lacerta

Monday, October 3rd, 2011


The typical lizards, whose family name means as much (lacerta is Latin for lizard). The lizards are an Old World family, being particularly abundant in Europe and Africa. Takydromus sexlineatus extends eastward into Southeast Asia. All the genera have limbs. The upper temporal fossa is roofed over or else greatly reduced. Osteoderms may occur on the head. The power of autotomy is present. Teeth hollow at the base. There are about twenty recognized genera.

Takydromus has a typical lacertilian body, but the tail may be several times the length of the head and body. Acanthodactylus has fringes on the toes to help it maneuver in the deserts of Africa and Arabia where it leaves.

 

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Skinks

Thursday, September 29th, 2011


Easily the largest lizard family in numbers, species, and range, skinks occur everywhere a lizard can, except in the sea. Skinks are unique among lizards in having a secondary palate. Osteoderms are present. Frontal bones distinct except in the Feylininae; this subfamily (often considered a full family, Feyliniidae) also lacks the jugal bone and is viviparous or oviparous. Skinks have movable eyelids, except for Ablepharis, which has a clear spectacle. In addition, the lizards formerly classified as the full family Feyliniidae are now included in the Scincidae by most herpetologists; this group includes forms lacking both functional eyes and eyelids. Ear openings are usually present, as is the power of autotomy. The scales are usually smooth.

 

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Anniella Pulchra: A Diminutive Burrower

Sunday, September 25th, 2011


This small family has not yet been seriously allied with any other group, so it maintains the distinctiveness of its own family status. There are but two species, one with two subspecies, found only in California and Baja California. They are limbless lizards lacking an external ear but possessing eyelids and functional eyes. They are very thin bodied, and a giant may be nine inches long. The upper temporal arch is absent. Osteoderms reduced, the scales smooth and subequal. The head is conical, the upper jaw extending far beyond the lower. The tongue is smooth, dark, bifid, and protrusible. Columella cranii absent.

Teeth few, large, recurved, resembling those of Heloderma. The taxa are as follows: silvery legless lizard, Anniella pulchra pulchra; black legless lizard, A. pulchra nigra; and Geronimo legless lizard, A. geronimensis.

These lizards are fossorial and prefer loose soil near moisture, such as beaches. They feed on small invertebrae animals including earthworms. The species are known to be viviparous.

 

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Definition and Terminology

Wednesday, September 21st, 2011


Amniote egg: An egg which contains the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity during development. Such a mechanism is found only in reptiles, birds, and mammals. The membrane which envelopes the cavity is called the amnion.

Arches: Skeletal bridges found in the skull. These arches underlie the region for which they are named. Absent in lizards is the arch formed by the jugal and quadrate bones. This feature is present in the similar tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) of New Zealand. The arch most typically found in lizards is the temporal arch, formed from the squamosal and postorbital bones.

Atlas: The first vertebral segment, articulating directly to the skull at the occipital condyle.

Axis: The second vertebral segment, which is responsible for the movement of the skull.

Columella cranii: Also known as epipterygoid bone, a rodlike pair of thin shafts found on either side of the braincase.

Crepuscular: Active by dusk or dawn.

Diurnal: Active by day.

Fossorial: Being by nature a burrowing animal.

Homeostasis: The metabolic balancing of bodily functions to a normal state of operation. For example, maintenance of body temperature, water retention, etc.

Jacobson’s organ: A paired sensory mechanism found in the roof of the mouth in certain reptiles. Air particles from outside are brought by the tongue to this organ for analysis. It is essentially an extension of the sense of smell.

Lateral fold: The long margin along the body of certain lizards whose skin contains osteoderms, such as Ophisaurus and Gerrhosaurus. The fold region is devoid of osteoderms, allowing bodily growth.

 

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Helodermatidae

Sunday, September 18th, 2011


Eyelids well developed. Ear exposed. Limbs well developed, pentadactyl, bearing strong claws. Head blunt. The body is stocky and bulky, the tail thick and short. Osteoderms are present. The lower teeth are grooved and venom glands are located in the posterior section of the lower jaw. The scales are non-overlapping, looking like Indian beadwork. The two species are oviparous and are confined to Arizona and western coastal Mexico. These are the only venomous lizards.

The exact nature of the venom is not well known. It is apparently neurotoxic, causing paralysis, but a lethal dosage has not been universally agreed upon. Human fatalities have been few and were probably not attributable solely to the lizard, as the victims were usually well intoxicated by alcohol. In at least one death the nature of the victim, being juvenile, probably didn’t help.

 

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