From available fossil evidence it has been calculated that the earliest amphibians belonged to a group known as chthyostegids, creatures that had characteristics of both the crossopterygian fishes and the later, more advanced amphibians. A typical chthyostegid, a member of the genus Ichthyostega, had a skull about 15 cm (6 in) in lenght. Although similar in many respects to the skull of crossoptergian fish ancestor, there were certain important changes between that of the fish and that of the amphibian. In the fish, for example, the part of the skull in front of the eyes was comparatively short, while the portion behind the eyes was comparatively long. In Ichthyostega a paradoxical situation prevailed in which the portion of the skull behind the eyes was relatively shorter than that of the fishes and the portion in front relatively longer. In amphibians, the eyes tended to be oriented more toward the top of the skull than in the fishes. Although Ichthyostega had developed strong pectoral and pelvic girdles that carried completely developed limbs and feet, the fin rays of the fish tail were retained! From this early fish/amphibian we can follow the evolution of the later amphibians as they radiated into different lines.

In changing from a totally aquatic experience to a new terrestrial life, various problems had to be resolved. While a fish normally obtains its oxygen from water by means of gills, the early amphibians had to further develop and perfect the lungs that they had inherited from their crossopterygian ancestors, although in the larval stage (as is still the case with modern amphibians) they continued to respire by means of gills. Another problem that land-dwelling animals had to deal with was the possibility of desiccation or drying up.

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Those families whose members are fossorial are the Dibamidae, Anniellidae, some Scincidae, and some Pygopodidae. The earless monitor, Lanthanotus, may be fossorial or at least semifossorial. The genus Dibamus contains six diminutive species found in Southeast Asia. The largest may be eight inches long and the body is very thin as well.

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The genus Cricosaura is monotypic (C. typica), inhabiting Cuba and possibly some of the nearby islands. It is probably the smallest member of the family.

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Temporal arch is present. Osteoderms are greatly reduced or absent. Scalation is uniformly small and granular. The tail may be spiny or long and whip-like. The family consists of one genus, with nearly 60 varieties, found in Africa (except Madagascar), Asia, and Australia.

These lizards are active predators. They can run, swim, and climb well; many are excellent burrowers. When frightened in the open, they aim at clambering up the nearest vertical object, herpetologists not excepted! These animals are strictly carnivorous and strictly oviparous.

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But among the vast array of living lizards, few of the large ones possess such fancy accouterments, while many small forms are more bizarre that anything Hollywood could conceive. The large iguanas do have dorsal crests, but nothing like what one sees in the movies. Admittedly, there are a few large forms like Hydrosaurus which would fit the bill nicely, but they are exceptional.

Considered to be fairly plain lizards, the genus Anolis has members with a developed caudal sail, while males of the genus as a whole are known for their bright throat fans. The true chameleons have great diversity in facial horns, as do the agamid lizards of the genus Harpesaurus. Ceratophora has a single horn-like flap on the tip of its snout, while Lyriocephalus has a small globe on theirs.

The Australian lizard Chlamydosaurus kingii may have the most unique accessory of all. On either side of the body is a large flap of skin. When alarmed, the lizard extends these flaps even with the head, greatly enlarging its appearance. This trait has earned it the name of frilled dragon.

The list of bizarre forms goes on with the American horned lizards (Phrynosoma) and the Australian moloch (Moloch). There exists the beautiful union of form and function in the wings of Draco. Certain Central American teiids, genus Proctoporus, have light-reflecting spots along their sides; one form may even be bioluminescent.

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I detected a pale eyeshine on the flat underside of a boulder approximately 300 feet upstream from our campsite. A feeling of excitement tinged with a little fear of losing sight of the animal washed over me as I approached, concentrating on the small points of light. As I got closer, the eyeshine became stronger and the outline of the animal began to emerge.

This was definitely not a ring-tailed gecko, but rather a very flat, spiny animal that could only be a leaftail. Without delay I grabbed the animal for identification – yes! The first Mcllwraith leaftail found in 15 years and only the fourth specimen ever found! If that was not enough, this specimen had an original tail; all the previous specimens had regenerated tails.

Around the same time, another team member uncovered another specimen. This one clung to a bare rockface hidden within a cavity beneath boulders; it had a regenerated tail and also two partially developed eggs.

This gecko species is extremely gaunt and elongated, almost emaciated in appearance, with a flattened head and body, and long thin limbs. The cervical vertebrae are extremely elongated, resulting in an extraordinarily long, thin neck. This species also differs from other leaftails in possessing three lumbar vertebrae as opposed to two, causing it to be placed in a separate genus. The dorsal surface is covered with spiny tubercles. The original, leaf-shaped tail has tubercles with clusters of two to three pointed spines around its perimeter and more blunt, longitudinally aligned tubercles on its dorsal surface.

The next morning we spent photographing leaftails and other herp species found at the location, before following the creek back to our base camp at Rocky Scrub. We has successfully located and photographed the Mcllwraith leaf-tailed gecko, observed Australia’s longest gecko and two herp species endemic to the Mcllwraith Range, the long-snouted frog and the Coen rainbow skink.

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We discovered a massive major skink (Egernia frerei) under a rock that was barely longer than the animal itself. This was the largest specimen of this lizard that any of us could remember.

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Teiids are liable to turn up anywhere. Cnemidophorus is primarily a grasslands or desert creature, while Ameiva is an island-hopper of the Caribbean. Draceana is aquatic, while Bachia and Ophiognomen are semifossorial. At least one species is found in caves. This form, known from Trinidad, is a small enough beast but it may yet have a claim to fame based on a peculiar trait reported for it: it is said to be luminous. While many fishes are bioluminescent, no known terrestrial vertebrate is, except perchance Proctoporus shreivei. To my knowledge no one interested in this peculiar trait has used this particular species for experimental work, only the other similar members of the genus Proctoporus. If we can examine some live specimens of this animal, it may “illuminate” the whole matter once and for all!

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Very interesting dilemma. Consider that the world has now been notified in writing of this potentially unique herpetocultural observation. I think I feel the earth shaking already about the revelation.

Seriously, it may take a while for this insight to trickle down to the people in science who study amphisbaenians, the lizard subgrouping to which they belong. When they do, they will be naturally skeptical and wish to verify your claims with independent research. Therein lies a problem. Of the 3600-plus specimens of Bipes collected by U.S. researchers during the 1970s, not one of them can contribute to testing your claim. That’s due to the fact that they all now reside in formallin-filled museum jars.

I checked every literature source I could tap and found only references to worm lizards’ carnivorous depredations. As you stated, they’re seemingly only known to eat live arthropods hunted in their networks of subterranean tunnels. Nothing even hints at any vegetative aspects to their diets. I’d say it’s entirely possible your friend stumbled onto something not previously known by science.

Mexican worm lizards (aka ajolotes) are apparently not rare in their native haunts. The type your pal has inhabits the lower half of Mexico’s Baja Peninsula. Two very similar species live on the west coast of mainland Mexico. Lee Grismer sums it up nicely in his masterpiece Amphibians and Reptiles of Baja California (2002). In it he describes Bipes (the genus containing all three species) as “probably the most numerous lizards in the areas where they are found, but because of their fossorial lifestyle they are seldom seen.”

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