Posts Tagged ‘Femur’

Iguana’s Structure

Friday, March 12th, 2010

The forelimbs are supported from the pectoral girdle. The humerus bone articulates at a point between the sternum and inter scapula. Similarly, the femur fits into an opening of the ischium. At the lowest point of the pectoral girdle is the sternum, a bone which protects a good part or the internal organs. Between the sternum and the pelvis may be a bony or cartilaginous union of the ribs, known as the parasternum. Extending from beneath the scapula and uniting with the sternum is the clavicle, a bone always present in pairs.

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Advantages of an Erect Posture

Saturday, December 19th, 2009

The erect posture of dinosaurs is often said to be the key to their success. Why is this? An important reason is that an erect posture is mechanically more satisfactory than a sprawling one. The weight of the body is supported entirely from below. In a sprawler, the weight of the body is supported from the sides. While gravity effectively pulls straight down from the center of the body mass, in a sprawler this force has to be converted into a sideways component along the femur or humerus (upper arm bone), and then a vertical component down the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna (forearm bones), which causes great stresses are avoided if the gravitational force of the animal’s mass is transferred down through a straight, erect limb.

This mechanical advantage is important. Firstly, erect animals can run in a more sustained way: not necessarily faster, but with more stamina, because the effort of supporting the body weight is much less than in a sprawler. This would have been an immediate advantage to an archosaur chasing sprawling prey animals or escaping from a sprawling carnivore. Interestingly, the main plant-eating groups of the Middle Triassic, the pig-like rhynchosaurs and dicynodonts, were evolving semi-erect gaits at the same time. Indeed, the ancestors of the mammals, the cynodonts – which were moderate-sized carnivores at that stage – also showed similar advances.

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On the Trail of the Dinosaurs

Wednesday, December 9th, 2009

Birds as well as the extinct dinosaurs, pterosaurs (flying contemporaries of the dinosaurs) and the ‘thecodontians’, a ragbag group that includes the ancestors of all the other archosaurs.

The archosaurs arose some 250 million years ago, as far as we can tell. The first group, the proterosuchids, spread nearly worldwide. Their fossils are known from the Soviet Union, southern Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India, China and South America. They show the archosaurs, but in no other animals: an antorbital fenestra (a particular hole in the skull), recurved flat -sided teeth and a fourth trochanter on the femur (a specific ridge on the thigh bone).

During the Triassic period, some 245-208 million years ago, the archosaurs radiated (evolved and diversified) as moderately successful carnivores and gave rise to one herbivorous group. The Triassic ‘thecodontians’ split into two main lineages. One included the superficially crocodile-like phytosaurs, the herbivorous aetosaurs (which also looked rather like crocodiles, but had snub noses for rooting up plant food, and narrow leaf-like teeth) and the often massive, carnivorous rauisuchians. Finally, in the Late Triassic, this Lineage sprouted some lightweight bipedal (two-legged); animals that probably fed on  insects and small lizard-like animals. These were, perhaps surprisingly, the first crocodilians. The group adopted its amphibious, quadrupedal (four-legged) fish-eating existing only some 20 million years later, after the extinction of the phytosaurs.

The second archosaur lineage included active carnivores such as Ornithosuchus, which could walk quadrupedally or bipedally, and the lightweight Lagosuchus, which was a biped. These animals are so close to being dinosaurs in many features, it now seems remarkable that many scientists had denied it until recently. Lagosuchus, in particular, shows a long list of ‘dinosaur’ characters: its bipedal posture; the long limbs with the shin bones (tibia and fibula) longer than the femur; the perforated acetabulum (the bowl-like depression in the hip bone that receives the ball-shaped end of the femur).

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Forelimbs

Wednesday, January 14th, 2009

The vertebrae are the first bones encountered beyond the skull areas.  The first vertebrae is the atlas, so named because it must bear the skull.  The second bone is the axis , the pivot point which allows free movement of the head and neck areas.  The hyoid apparatus in the throatal areas , roughly behind an in front of these first vertebrae, or it may be a free unit – free standing so to speak.   It protects the windpipe.

The body of the vertebrae is called a “centrum ;  the space between centra is the  intercentrum.  The vertebral centra may be one of two types , either amphicouelous ( biconcave) or procoelus ( concave anterior , convex posterior).  The backbone runs the entire length of the tail, but should this member be lost. the replacement will forever be devoid of true vertebrae.  Along the rail section , when true vertebrae are present. one can locate the plane of autonomy, which is usually a cartilaginous plate before or behind the transverse process of the vertebra.

The forelimbs are supported from the pectoral girdle.  The humerus bone articulates at a point between the sternum and interscapula.  Similarly the femur fits into an opening of the ischium.  At the lowest point of the pectoral girdle is the sternum ,  a bone which protects a good part of the internal organs.  Between the sternum and the pelvis may be a bony or cartilaginous union of the ribs, known as the parasternum.  Extending from beneath the scapula  and uniting with the sternum is the clavicle , a bone always present in pairs.

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