But among the vast array of living lizards, few of the large ones possess such fancy accouterments, while many small forms are more bizarre that anything Hollywood could conceive. The large iguanas do have dorsal crests, but nothing like what one sees in the movies. Admittedly, there are a few large forms like Hydrosaurus which would fit the bill nicely, but they are exceptional.

Considered to be fairly plain lizards, the genus Anolis has members with a developed caudal sail, while males of the genus as a whole are known for their bright throat fans. The true chameleons have great diversity in facial horns, as do the agamid lizards of the genus Harpesaurus. Ceratophora has a single horn-like flap on the tip of its snout, while Lyriocephalus has a small globe on theirs.

The Australian lizard Chlamydosaurus kingii may have the most unique accessory of all. On either side of the body is a large flap of skin. When alarmed, the lizard extends these flaps even with the head, greatly enlarging its appearance. This trait has earned it the name of frilled dragon.

The list of bizarre forms goes on with the American horned lizards (Phrynosoma) and the Australian moloch (Moloch). There exists the beautiful union of form and function in the wings of Draco. Certain Central American teiids, genus Proctoporus, have light-reflecting spots along their sides; one form may even be bioluminescent.

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Albinotic animals are most striking among colour deviations in reptiles. Melanism, the opposite, also occurs frequently. Schetty (1950) reported on a melanotic lizard.

It seems doubtful whether the appearance of accessory parietal organs described for instance by Haffner (1955) for Lacerta vivipara Jaquin should be included among the anomalies since they are extraordinarily common in reptiles, particularly so in lizards. Haffner himself found such rudimentary eyes in one-sixth of his material. Attempts at lens and retina formation can clearly be seen in these organs.

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The archosaurs arose some 250 million years ago, as far as we can tell. The first group, the proterosuchids, spread nearly worldwide. Their fossils are known from the Soviet Union, southern Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India, China and South America. They show the archosaurs, but in no other animals: an antorbital fenestra (a particular hole in the skull), recurved flat -sided teeth and a fourth trochanter on the femur (a specific ridge on the thigh bone).

During the Triassic period, some 245-208 million years ago, the archosaurs radiated (evolved and diversified) as moderately successful carnivores and gave rise to one herbivorous group. The Triassic ‘thecodontians’ split into two main lineages. One included the superficially crocodile-like phytosaurs, the herbivorous aetosaurs (which also looked rather like crocodiles, but had snub noses for rooting up plant food, and narrow leaf-like teeth) and the often massive, carnivorous rauisuchians. Finally, in the Late Triassic, this Lineage sprouted some lightweight bipedal (two-legged); animals that probably fed on  insects and small lizard-like animals. These were, perhaps surprisingly, the first crocodilians. The group adopted its amphibious, quadrupedal (four-legged) fish-eating existing only some 20 million years later, after the extinction of the phytosaurs.

The second archosaur lineage included active carnivores such as Ornithosuchus, which could walk quadrupedally or bipedally, and the lightweight Lagosuchus, which was a biped. These animals are so close to being dinosaurs in many features, it now seems remarkable that many scientists had denied it until recently. Lagosuchus, in particular, shows a long list of ‘dinosaur’ characters: its bipedal posture; the long limbs with the shin bones (tibia and fibula) longer than the femur; the perforated acetabulum (the bowl-like depression in the hip bone that receives the ball-shaped end of the femur).

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Thus , male lizards as well as snakes , not just one , but indeed a full pair and pairing of what are essentially hollow structures called or referred to as  “hemipenes” ,   which make up what are in effect  “copulatory”  organs .  Located as amazingly they are ,  in the tail areas ,  behind the opening of the cloaca , these hemipenes often give  the tail of the male reptiles , a thicker more gradually  contoured tail than that of the females  .  In many species the sex of the reptile can be distinguished by this difference – which is sometimes rather slight in some.

A “groove”  serves as the channel for the sperm .  This groove extends from the opening of the sperm duct  extends from the opening of the sperm duct along the inner wall  ( which of course serves as the outer wall during the erection period / periods), of the hemipenis,   and the surface may be pleated or set with actual spines which keep it in place in the oviduct of the female during mating.   Either one of the hemipenes may be used , but only one and only one.   The hemipene nearest to the female is everted and protruded  from the cloaca during the erectile period .  This is brought into effect by both a combination and combinations of muscular action and muscular actions  and distension of the very walls with blood and blood fluids.

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