Posts Tagged ‘Cloaca’
Monday, May 14th, 2012
All reptiles practice internal fertilization. In all modern forms except the tuatara the male has an organ kept turned outside in, in the base of the tail, and everted through the opening of the cloaca during erection. In the tuatara the transfer of sperm is accomplished by bringing the genital openings into contact, as in birds. This was probably the method used by the ancestral reptiles – it is clear, in any case, that the penis had separate origin in turtles, crocodilians and mammals on the one hand, and in lizards and snakes on the other.
Thus, male lizards and snakes have not just one, but a pair of hollow structures called hemipenes, which make up their copulatory organs. Located as they are in the tail just behind the opening of the cloaca, the hemipenes often give the tail of the male a thicker, more gradually tapering contour than that of the female, and in many species the sexes can be distinguished by this difference. A groove that serves as a channel for the sperm extends from the opening of the sperm ducts along the inner wall (which is the outer wall during erection) of each hemipenis, and the surface may be pleated or set with spines that keep it in place on the oviduct of the female during mating. Either one of the hemipenes may be used, but only one, the one nearest to the female, is everted and protruded from the cloaca during erection, which is brought about by a combination of muscular action and distension of the walls with blood.
Among different reptiles fertilization is scheduled differently with respect to the time of nesting. In most species it seems to occur, as might be expected, just before the eggs are laid; but in some the sperm may live on in the reproductive tract of the female and continue to fertilize eggs months or even years after copulation has taken place. The longest known periods of such deferment of fertilization are four years for the diamondback terrapin of the southern United States, and five years in the case of the tropical American cat-eye snake. The green turtle, which evidently mates only in the sea off the nesting beach, often does so after the female has gone ashore and laid her eggs.
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Tags: Cloaca, Contour, Copulation, Crocodilians, Diamondback Terrapin, Distension, Erection, Hemipenes, Hollow Structures, Internal Fertilization, Lizards, Muscular Action, Oviduct, Sexes, Snakes, Sperm Ducts, Spines, Terrapin, Tropica, Tuatara
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Friday, April 27th, 2012
In the pond in front of my house, during the mating season of the pond cooters, turtle heads are regularly seen in threes or fours. Off and on, for as long as two or three days at a time I have watched groups of these heads with a spotting scope, and while I could see little of what the bearers of the heads were actually doing, it did not seem to involve any very violent strife. The three heads simply stayed together in a restricted patch of water for a day or more at a time, and there were occasional outbreaks of splashing and finally, the back of one of the turtles would come out of the water, indicating that mating was taking place.
A similar thing occurs among the green turtles at their nesting ground on the coast of Costa Rica. Here, too, the observations made have been only in snatches, and whatever subtleties of courtship behavior are carried out have not been seen. But during the early part of the nesting season the turtles mate out in front of the beach a few hundred yards beyond the surf line. For the first week or so of the mating time there are large numbers of courtship groups involving two males and one female. Among sea turtles, mating is a strenuous process. Attempts of the male to mount the back of the female involve a great deal of thrashing and splashing of water. Once the male attains the position on the upper shell of the female, however, he remains firmly anchored by two huge claws on his front flippers which grip the fore edges of her shell, and by a strong horn at the tip of his tail which curls up under the back edge of her shell. The only time male turtles are seen on shore at the nesting ground is when a copulating pair is caught by a breaker and thrown onto the beach.
The courtship of the alligator is noisy and exciting. The bull bellows and exudes musk from glands on the throat and at the sides of the cloaca. When the female approaches, the two of them race about in wild circles, making a big wake that rocks the reeds and sends the fishes flying. The frogs stop singing and the waterfowl scream.
Closely related to courtship is rivalry and combative behavior among males. This sort of strife is not generally disorderly and injurious, but actually may serve a variety of useful purposes. It keeps the race physically on its toes, as it were, weeding out the weaker individuals as breeders. It brings about a distribution of territory, and thus lends order to both the reproductive process and the daily life of the individual. It establishes hierarchies of dominance and submission, and these again contribute harmony by forestalling more harmful untrammeled fighting. And just a courtship does, the fighting may help instigate glandular cycles involved in the mating process.
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Tags: Attempts, Bellows, Cloaca, Copulating, Costa Rica, Courtship Behavior, Curls, Flippers, Glands, Green Turtles, Large Numbers, Mating Season, Musk, Nesting Ground, Occasional Outbreaks, Sea Turtles, Snatches, Spotting Scope, Strife, Subtleties, Surf Line, Threes, Turtle, Turtle Heads, Turtles, Turtles Mating, Upper Shell
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Friday, January 20th, 2012
His mate can have access to the sperm packet. Lying quietly, the male allows her to maneuver her vent over the sperm packet and take it up in the lips of her cloaca. The mating process takes approximately half an hour, after which the female is released by the male and both go their separate ways.
The time from fertilization to the birth of the larvae is about ten months. Sometimes the sperm packet may be retained in the cloaca for several months, even though the winter, so that eggs may be fertilized at a more favorable time. The larvae develop full term in the eggs while still in the body of the parent, who will seek out a suitable body of water as soon as birth becomes imminent. Only cool streams and ponds in half shadow are selected. The female will search for a suitable shallow spot into which she can release up to 50 hatching eggs or newly hatched larvae. In certain cases, especially in the southern part of the range or where free water is scarce, the larvae may be retained right through metamorphosis and tiny replicas of the adults may be deposited.
At birth, the larvae are about 2.5 cm (1 in) in length and are colored somewhere between yellowish gray and brownish black. The body is usually speckled with little yellow spots, with a larger one at the base of each leg; the latter spot is a trademark of S. salamandra larvae and is not present in the larvae of related species.
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Tags: Adults, Body Of Water, Cloaca, Favorable Time, Fertilization, Free Water, Half An Hour, Hatching Eggs, Larvae, Lips, Mate, Metamorphosis, Ponds, Replicas, Salamandra, Separate Ways, Sperm, Streams, Suitable Body, Vent
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Friday, January 14th, 2011
Its respiratory system is better. The nostrils are separated from the mouth by a hard palate. When the alligator swallows a struggling victim there is no danger that a desperate kick will penetrate the roof of its mouth and damage its brain. The alligator has well-developed lungs in comparison to the more primitive saclike structure of snakes. It has the most highly developed brain of any reptile, and is one of the few to have its teeth firmly set in its jaws.
On the other hand, the alligator lacks a well-developed Jacobson’s organ, which means that its ability to detect tastes and odors is not nearly so acute as a snake’s. It has the well-developed digestive system which works so efficiently for all reptiles, but lacks a bladder, although most turtles and lizards have one. Its ammoniac kidney wastes, along with intestinal wastes, pass through a chamber called the cloaca which opens to the outside of the body.
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Tags: Alligator, Auto Dealer, Bladder, Cloaca, Digestive System, Edmonton Alberta, Gimli, Hard Palate, Jacobson, Jaws, Kidney, Lizards, Lungs, Nostrils, Reptile, reptiles, Respiratory System, Snakes, Swallows, Turtles, Winnipeg, Winnipeg Beach
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Friday, August 13th, 2010
All the live-bearing reptiles of modern times are lizards and snakes. Turtles and crocodilians produce only eggs, and so does the tuatara. It is significant that of the three reptiles which venture farthest north, even across the Arctic Circle, two – the European viper and the lizard Lacerta vivipara – bear their young alive. So does the slowworm (Anguis), another venturer into northern regions. The cold ground of those areas, no doubt, is not well suited to incubating eggs. Neither is water, so far as shelled eggs are concerned, which explains why most reptiles with strongly aquatic habits also bear their young alive.
Many of the live-bearing reptiles, however, belong to groups that have egg-laying members too. The skinks, the lacertas, the boids and the vipers are examples. There are even species that lay eggs in some parts of their ranges but bear live young in other parts. This suggests that their viviparity – as the ability to produce live young is called – is not so formal an undertaking as it is in mammals, and this is true. Some reptiles merely keep the eggs inside the body, for varying periods up to and after hatching time. In others there are extensive, placentalike connections with the tissues of the maternal oviduct. In one type the yolk sac is merely plastered against the wall of the oviduct, and is used primarily for respiration. In a more advanced type the embryonic membranes,the chorion and allantois, interfold with maternal tissues and the embryo not only gets water and nourishment as well as oxygen, but conveniently has its excretory wastes taken away too. None of the live-bearing reptiles has dispensed with a big store of yolk as the main source nourishment for the growing embryo.
All reptiles practice internal fertilization. In all modern forms except the tuatara the male has an organ kept turned outside in, in the base of the tail, and everted through the opening of the cloaca during erection. In the tuatara the transfer of sperm is accomplished by bringing the genital openings into contact, as in birds. This was probably the method used by the ancestral reptiles – it is clear, in any case, that the penis had separate origin in turtles, crocodilians and mammals on the one hand, and in lizards and snakes on the other.
Thus, male lizards and snakes have not just one, but a pair of hollow structures called hemipenes, which make up their copulatory organs. located as they are in the tail just behind the opening of the cloaca, the hemipenes often give the tail of the male a thicker, more gradually tapering contour than that of the female, and in many species the sexes can be distinguished by this difference. A groove that serves as a channel for the sperm extends from the opening of the sperm ducts along the inner wall (which is the outer wall during erection) of each hemipenis, and the surface may be pleated or set with spines that keep it in place in the oviduct of the female during mating. Either one of the hemipenis may be used, but only one, the one nearest to the female, is everted and protruded from the cloaca during erection, which is brought about by a combination of muscular action and distension of the walls with blood.
Among different reptiles fertilization is scheduled differently with respect to the time of nesting. In most species it seems to occur, as might be expected, just before the eggs are laid; but in some the sperm may live on in the reproductive tract of the female and continue to fertilize eggs months or even years after copulation has taken place. The longest known periods of such deferment of fertilization are four years for the diamond back terrapin of the southern United States, and five years in the case of the tropical American cat-eye snake. The green turtle, which evidently mates only in the sea off the nesting beach, often does so after the female has gone ashore and laid her eggs. Since a given female makes her migration to the nesting ground only once in three, or more turtles.
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Tags: Arctic Circle, Boids, Chorion, Cloaca, Cold Ground, Farthest North, Hatching Time, Incubating Eggs, Internal Fertilization, Lacerta, No Doubt, Northern Regions, Oviduct, Shelled Egg, Shelled Eggs, Skinks, Tuatara, Venturer, Viviparity, Yolk Sac
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Friday, January 29th, 2010
Not all mites are found on the exposed skin of your reptile pet. Some species get into the nostrils, others get into the trachea and lungs. This is a job for your veterinarian. Others lodge themselves near the sometimes moist area near the cloaca and around the base of the tail. This you can clear up by drying and disinfecting the cage.
Occasionally a recently imported iguana is found which is free of mites and ticks but is still wasting away, although eating well. This animal may be suffering from pin worms or other internal parasitic worms. His cloaca will be loaded with them and your veterinarian will be able to find them in the feces in the same way he examines dogs and cats. He may be able to treat your pet successfully. The problem is usually that the pet owner doesn’t recognize that there is a problem until the specimen is on the threshold of death.
If you wish to avoid problems like this, start with a bright eyed healthy animal and keep him clean and isolated from other animals which may be infested with parasites.
Your pet may not wear down his toenails as fast as they continue to grow. If you notice that they are twisting under or corkscrewing, you might do well to prune them a little. Go at it slowly until you find how far to clip without striking living tissue – the part of the nail nearest the toe is actually alive and is supplied with veins, arteries and nerves.
You should use a tool which cuts the nail but does not splinter it by crushing. For a young iguana, perhaps an ordinary fingernail clipper will suffice. Larger lizards will need the tool which is used for dogs. Perhaps you can buy one in your pet shop. You should not ever strike the “quick,” but if you do, you can stop the flow of blood with a styptic pencil – this is just alum and is available in your drugstore or from nearly any man who shaves with a razor. As with any minor wound, it can be treated with an antiseptic cream, but it will probably heal uneventfully regardless of whether you treat it or not.
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Tags: Alum, Antiseptic Cream, Arteries, Cloaca, Dogs And Cats, Feces, Fingernail, Lizards, Mites, Moist Area, Nostrils, Parasitic Worms, Pet Owner, Pet Shop, Pin Worms, Reptile Pet, Styptic Pencil, Toenails, Trachea, Veterinarian
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Saturday, March 7th, 2009
All reptiles practice internal fertilization . In all modern forms , except for the tautara , the male has an organ turned outside in , in the base and basal areas of the tail area , and everted through the opening of the cloaca during erection. In the tautara the and this transfer of sperm is accomplished by bringing the genital openings into contact as in birds and avian creatures. Perhaps this is a left over vestigial remnant of dinosaur harbingers. This of course was probably the means and mechanism as the method used by ancestral reptiles - it is most clear in any case and cases , that the penis and penises had separate origins in turtles, crocodiles and mammals , on the one hand , and in most lizards and snakes on the other side.
Thus , male lizards as well as snakes , not just one , but indeed a full pair and pairing of what are essentially hollow structures called or referred to as “hemipenes” , which make up what are in effect “copulatory” organs . Located as amazingly they are , in the tail areas , behind the opening of the cloaca , these hemipenes often give the tail of the male reptiles , a thicker more gradually contoured tail than that of the females . In many species the sex of the reptile can be distinguished by this difference – which is sometimes rather slight in some.
A “groove” serves as the channel for the sperm . This groove extends from the opening of the sperm duct extends from the opening of the sperm duct along the inner wall ( which of course serves as the outer wall during the erection period / periods), of the hemipenis, and the surface may be pleated or set with actual spines which keep it in place in the oviduct of the female during mating. Either one of the hemipenes may be used , but only one and only one. The hemipene nearest to the female is everted and protruded from the cloaca during the erectile period . This is brought into effect by both a combination and combinations of muscular action and muscular actions and distension of the very walls with blood and blood fluids.
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Tags: Cloaca, Combi, Crocodiles, Dinosaur, Erection, Hemipenes, Hemipenis, Hollow Structures, Internal Fertilization, Lizards, Mammals, Oviduct, Penises, Remnant, Reptile, Snakes, Sperm, Spines, Tail Areas, Tautara
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