Posts Tagged ‘Chameleons’

More on Chameleons

Sunday, December 11th, 2011


The list of of examples is a long one indeed, but what of function? It is known that the throat fans of some lizards are used to warn intruders infringing on a territory, as well as to attract a mate. The horns of male chameleons are used in territorial battles. The devices of many lizards are for protection, either by physical discomfort (the horns of Phrynosoma) or bluff (Chlamydosaurus). The dorsal sails of lizards like Hydrosaurus and Basiliscus are not fully explained. One idea is that this device is rich in blood vessels and helps to regulate internal temperature. To date, no one is quite sure.

 

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Lizards’ Tree Crawling

Thursday, November 24th, 2011


To glide from tree to tree or to the ground. Draco have the ability, to some extent, to control their flight in regard to direction and climbing power.

Although not quite as elaborate, two gekkonid genera, Ptychozoon and Mimetozoa, also possess lateral flaps of skin. These lack the support of ribs, however, and act more as parachutes than gliders.

These genera are all tree dwellers and are remarkably adapted for such a way of life. But there are other traits an arboreal lizard can use to advantage, and we find the best example in the true chameleons of the Old World. These species possess a prehensile tail which acts as a fifth foot to grasp a branch and secure a good hold. This trait is not unique to chameleons, though. It is also found in the American alligator lizards (Gerrhonotus) and the Asian bark lizards (Cophotis).

Many other lizards are known to be tree climbers, including the giant monitors of the Varanidae. Some well known tree climbers are the two similar genera Calotes and Japalura. These are long-limbed agamids which feed on the insects that are found in trees. The American Anolis and Iguana, the Solomon Island Corucia, and geckos in general are all arboreal.

The habits may be as diverse as the species. On one extreme is the frail, quick Draco, while on the other is the bulky, slow Chamaeleo. The latter have become so physically slow that they have developed a long sticky (and quick) tongue to secure their prey. The eyes of this group move independently and give a special stereo view of the victim, increasing the accuracy of their aim.

 

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Anolis: One of the Largest Lizard

Sunday, November 20th, 2011


Species of Sauromalus and Dipsosaurus are plant eaters, as opposed to the smaller insect-eating Phrynosoma and Anolis. One of the largest of the lizard genera belongs in this family. Anolis comprises at least three hundred species, most no more than a foot in length. They are most widely distributed in the Caribbean and South America and are generally arboreal. A few forms, such as Anolis allogus and A. aquaticus, are found on rocks near streams, into which they dive at the first sign of danger. The members of this genus are sometimes called chameleons, a name rightfully belonging to an African family only distantly related. Nevertheless, many of these species, and a good many lizards of other genera, have to a small extent the ability to change colors. To this genus, too, belong a good many species with gecko-like toe pads allowing very interesting acrobatic feats.

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Chameleons as Pets

Wednesday, November 16th, 2011


Just be that these lizards have an extremely short life span (though this is unlikely for the larger species). Little field work has been done to determine the natural life, so for now we just don’t know. Nevertheless, chameleons are often kept as pets and will feed on a variety of insect matter and drink plenty of water, until they suddenly cease to live.

The little lizards of the genera Brookesia and Microsaura constitute the rest of the family. Microsaura is probably the largest in size of the two and gives birth to live young. The small chameleons formerly placed in Rhampholeon have considerably smaller tails than their allies, but their habits are similar.

 
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Crests and Ornamentation

Saturday, September 10th, 2011


With the popularity of science fiction being what it is today, few people have not seen a Lost Island-type picture where the bold scientist and hid party encounter the “last surviving dinosaurs.” One fact pervades all the grand attempts of the cinema to depict a dinosaur: all dinosaurs have to have crests, frills, or spines. The lizards and crocodiles used in these movies are always adorned with this fancy make-up.

But among the vast array of living lizards, few of the large ones possess such fancy accouterments, while many small forms are more bizarre that anything Hollywood could conceive. The large iguanas do have dorsal crests, but nothing like what one sees in the movies. Admittedly, there are a few large forms like Hydrosaurus which would fit the bill nicely, but they are exceptional.

Considered to be fairly plain lizards, the genus Anolis has members with a developed caudal sail, while males of the genus as a whole are known for their bright throat fans. The true chameleons have great diversity in facial horns, as do the agamid lizards of the genus Harpesaurus. Ceratophora has a single horn-like flap on the tip of its snout, while Lyriocephalus has a small globe on theirs.

The Australian lizard Chlamydosaurus kingii may have the most unique accessory of all. On either side of the body is a large flap of skin. When alarmed, the lizard extends these flaps even with the head, greatly enlarging its appearance. This trait has earned it the name of frilled dragon.

The list of bizarre forms goes on with the American horned lizards (Phrynosoma) and the Australian moloch (Moloch). There exists the beautiful union of form and function in the wings of Draco. Certain Central American teiids, genus Proctoporus, have light-reflecting spots along their sides; one form may even be bioluminescent.

 

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The Organic Systems of Reptiles

Friday, August 12th, 2011


The liver and the heart, we owe to the kindness of Dr. W. Frank, Stuttgart, the picture of a large lizard (Iguana iguana) with excessive deposits of cholesterol in the walls of the large blood vessels. The same author provided the picture of the heart of a gavial which suffered from severe gout. This animal died when the heart was entirely encrusted with deposits of uric acid.

Diseases of the sexual system concern particularly the eggs (Hunt’s (1957) egg-necrosis) or the ovary). Klingelhoffer (1955) mentions the dangerous situation which arises when the process of oviposition is disturbed. This condition affects many captive reptilians, particularly tortoises and chameleons, and is probably due to a combination of causes. At the time of writing any attempt at treatment seems to be as dangerous as the condition itself.

Of the sensory organs the eye disease of terrapins is by far the most commonly seen. Since there have been no reports on this disease in wild animals it must be due to factors connected with captivity. Infection of the excretory ducts of the Harderian gland is the most likely cause, but it remains difficult to explain why in one and the same cage some of the specimens should contract the disease and other not.

 

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Jackson’s Chameleon

Tuesday, May 24th, 2011


Protected as endangered or threatened with extinction. The difficulty with which these lizards can be maintained and bred adds to their scarcity, and many types are best alone within their natural habitat as their only hope of survival.

In one interesting case, the unique and startling Three-horned Jackson’s Chameleon was introduced into the wild in Hawaii and is now well established on Oahu, as well as on the Kona side of the big island of Hawaii and on Maui.

The subspecies in Hawaii is known as the Yellow Crested Jackson’s Chameleon (Chamaeleo jacksonii xantholopus). All Hawaiian Jackson’s Chameleons are descended from a group of a few dozen released by a pet shop owner who imported them with permission of the Hawaii State Department of Agriculture. The lizards arrived sickly, so the shop owner released them into the backyard, assuming that they could restore themselves and be retrieved later for sale. The animals not only restored themselves, they began to breed and began to spread far and wide. Just about every one of the Yellow Crested Jackson’s Chameleons (normally found in Kenya) sold in the U.S. was captured and brought here from this population introduced Hawaii. This lizard has become a legend in Hawaii and one of the most popular wild animals with senses and is widely kept as a pet there.

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The Chameleon

Saturday, May 21st, 2011


The chameleon can be maintained year-round in large outdoor enclosures or compounds, and they do best this way. Duplicating this environment in a cold climate house or apartment on the mainland U.S. can be done, but is definitely a challenge. Feeding can be a problem as well, as chameleons quickly tire of the same food and must constantly be offered new types of bugs to eat. If they tire of one particular type of food they’ve been known to stop eating and die. Moreover, they need to gobble up large numbers of insects every day. Larger chameleons eat small birds, rodents, other lizards and small snakes as well.

They need natural, unfiltered sunlight or special UV-B emitting bulbs. Insects fed as food need to be gut loaded or dusted with vitamin/mineral supplements. Watering chameleons is also a challenge.They will not drink from a water bowl, but prefer instead to get their water from rain drops passing in front of them or lapping up dew on leaves. Various drip systems have been devised and put into use to accommodate their drinking behavior, including modification of medical IV drip sets.

Chameleons need to be housed separately or be given plenty of space as they are highly territorial and will fight with any other chameleon, male or female, that gets in their space. Males and females can be placed together to mate and breed, but should be separated after courtship and mating is completed.

They also need plenty of branches on which to perch and a cage that is higher than it is wide, preferably well aerated on three or all sides. The most commonly kept tropical species require daytime temperatures up to 90 degrees F under a basking light. Cool and hot spots should be provided so the lizard can thermoregulate by going back and forth. Temperatures can drop to 7 degrees at night. Chameleons are active and feed during daytime hours. Chameleons, as well as any plant matter landscape their enclosures, should be misted by day – in the early morning and again at dusk, breeze seems to stimulate some chameleons.

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Choosing a Pet Lizard

Tuesday, May 17th, 2011


Hobbyists have established elaborate warmed fan systems that cause a gentle breeze to waft through their enclosures. And if the above special needs aren’t enough, many wild-caught imports come loaded with parasites and need to be expertly and carefully diagnosed and treated by a knowledgeable veterinarian. Although some parasites are kept in check in the wild by the animal’s immune system, the stresses associated with captivity may suppress immune function and then such parasites can become a real problem.

In addition to the Hawaiian Yellow Crested Jackson’s Chameleon, hobbyists also have had some luck with the large Panther Chameleon (Chamaeleo pardalis), and either of these is recommended as a starter species for novice chameleon keepers. Regardless of which chameleon species you decide on, always opt for captive-born chameleons and buy them from a knowledgeable source that can provide continuing advice and counseling on problems that arise.

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American Chameleons or Anoles (Anolis sp.)

Saturday, April 16th, 2011


There are more than 150 species of anole lizard, including six species found in the United States. Only one of these, the Carolina or Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis; the American Chameleon), is native. The other five species of anole are introduced species, hitchhiking here on boats, in cargo or even by air. They arrived here from Central and South America and the West Indies, usually concealed in boxes of fruit, flowers or textiles.

Anoles are the perfect “starter” lizards and are especially recommended for the novice. They are inexpensive, require minimal housing and do well in captivity.

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