Archive for November, 2009

Temperate and Subtropical Zones part 3

Sunday, November 29th, 2009


This is a special concern when keeping herbivores and lizards that drink droplets of water from the leaves of plants. When real plants are included in the environment it is suggested that they remain in individual pots. If the terrarium is a wood-framed cage, the use of a false bottom can be advantageous. Assuming that the bottom is constructed of plywood, it is fairly easy to locate the areas where the plants are to be positioned and cut out holes of appropriate sizes that will accommodate the corresponding plant pots. When the pots are arranged a suitable substrate can then be applied to cover their tops.

There are several types of natural-looking gravels that are manufactured primarily for use in freshwater tropical fish aquaria. These substrates are well-suited for use in terraria. A potting soil mixture can be used in place of gravel. Regardless of the medium that is used to cover the floor of the terrarium, cleanliness must be maintained, and periodic replacement of the gravel or soil is recommended. If a false bottom is in place, the substrate can be changed with much less disturbance to the plants.

Decorations of the temperate/subtropical environment should reflect the natural habitat of the individual species. Terrestrial lizards should be provided with plenty of ground cover, such as horizontally positioned branches, pieces of tree bark, and rocks that are light enough for the animals to burrow under.  Upright branches might also be included; even those lizards that are considered to be terrestrial will occasionally climb if they are furnished with the means to do so. Arboreal species can be afforded some ground cover in their environment, although the main concern is the provision of twigs, limbs, and branches that offer the lizards a variety of perches that are located at different distances from the overhead heat and light sources. Driftwood, although usually expensive, can be a very attractive addition to most terraria.

Whether the decor is comprised of branches, driftwood, or small and/or large stones and rocks, the safety of the inhabitants of the habitat should be considered. Rock formations and arrangements of branches should be secured to prevent the specimens from being crushed by an unstable construction of scenery. Also check for sharp splinters and ends on branches, as well as unusually sharp edges on rocks and all other decor.

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Temperate and Subtropical Zones part 2

Thursday, November 26th, 2009


Prove to be the ideal temperatures for most temperate and subtropical species. Many species of lizards, regardless of climatic origin, will drink water from a bowl or other container. The provision of water can be as simple as the inclusion of a water dish or as complicated as the elaborate arrangement of a waterfall and its corresponding lagoon.

Drinking water, as well as the water that is provided for the lizard to soak in, should always be clean. The bowl should be emptied and refilled daily. If chlorine in tap water is a concern, bottled mineral water is commercially available. Many lizards are good swimmers, but others are not so adept. To eliminate the threat of a fatal fall into a water dish, it is a good idea to place non-sedimentary rocks, such as red shale, in an arrangement that provides the lizards with ease of access both into and out of the water. Either a drip system or the use of an air stone in conjunction with the water bowl will increase humidity as well as enable the lizard to find the water more easily. (Drip systems and air stone agitation of the water should be avoided in desert terrariums.)

Plastic plants can be used to decorate the terrarium environment, although they inspire nearly the same apathy in the viewer of such a habitat as do their sea-going counterparts that can be found in many uninteresting aquariums. Although plastic plants give the terrarium an unnatural “look,” they do have their advantages. Many “species” of fake plants are tough enough to withstand the abuse that is sometimes dealt out by rambunctious lizards. Additionally, the probability that pesticides have been applied prior to purchase is extremely remote. Conversely, most real plants will probably harbor these toxic substances. It is advisable to thoroughly clean any plant that has been purchased from a source where pesticide contamination is a possibility, although all traces of the poisonous chemicals might not be removable.

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Subtropical Climate

Monday, November 23rd, 2009


A subtropical climate is, as the name implies, somewhat less than tropical. Although winters in these zones are much milder than those of temperate regions, frost is a possibility and extreme low temperatures can occasionally drop to —5°F(—21°C). Normally, winter day temperatures average from 55 to 60°F (13—16°C), while night temperatures average from 35 to 45°F (2—8°C).

     Summer months usually average from 75 to 80°F’ (24— 27°C) during the day, and nighttime lows are ordinarily in the high 50s to the low 70s F (15—22°C). Extreme daytime highs can reach 110°F (43°C). Average summer humidity is approximately 70% to 80%. Average annual precipitation is 30 to 65 inches (76—165 cm).

     Almost all of the southeastern United States below the border of Virginia and North Carolina is encompassed by a subtropical climate. This subtropical zone, like the temperate zone of the United States, reaches west to approximately 100°W longitude (extreme southern Florida is excluded from this climatic zone). Most of the West Coast of the United States has a subtropical climate, and much of southern Europe is subject to a subtropical clime that is prove to be the ideal temperatures for most temperate and subtropical species.

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Temperate and Subtropical Zones

Friday, November 20th, 2009


Temperate Climate

     The term “temperate” suggests that the weather conditions within this climate type are moderate in all ways. However, mean annual temperatures can vary significantly from region to region, and maximum high and low fluctuations in daily thermometer readings differ within each individual area.

     Daytime high temperatures in summer months can register close to 100 degrees F (38 C). This might well be accompanied by a relative humidity factor of nearly 100%. Such uncomfortable conditions are seldom found in tropical rainforest climates of the world’s jungles.

     By contrast, winter temperatures are capable of dipping far below O degree F. Although relative humidity is much lower during the winter months, many areas that are defined as temperate zones receive heavy snowfalls. Average annual precipitation, both rain and snow, is approximately 20-40 inches (50-100cm) in temperate climates.

     A temperate climate prevails throughout the northeastern United States as far south as the border of Virginia and North Carolina. This temperate zone stretches west to approximately 100 W longitude. Much of Europe is also in a temperate climate, and many relatively smaller areas of this climate type are scattered throughout the world.

     Considering the harsh extremes in temperature that must be endured by the indigenous reptiles, it seems reasonable that the number of lizard species is limited in these climatic regions, but certain skinks (Scincidae), lacertids (Lacertidae), and swifts (Iguanidae) are capable of thriving in such environments. These mainly terrestrial lizards must burrow into the earth of otherwise secure a location for hibernation when the cold winter months arrive. Overexposure to extreme heat is also life-threatening to these lizards.

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Terrarium Care

Friday, November 20th, 2009


     Captive habitat of any animal should be attempted.

     Adequate air circulation certainly is necessary in any enclosed lizard habitat to prevent air stagnation, and in the case of tropical rain-forest environments, to prevent the growth of molds and other fungi. An answer to the question of producing an air current within the lizard’s habitat might be the placement of a small circular fan above the terrarium with the top of the enclosure at least partially covered by a screen. If the inhabitants retreat when the fan is turned on, try locating the fan further away from the terrarium. As with all electrical appliances, never allow the fan to come into contact with water.

     As far as providing heat and light are concerned, the available alternatives make it seem reasonable that daytime lighting using a mixture of suitable fluorescent tubes and incandescent bulbs rated at 60 watts or less is the safest and most efficient way of meeting these requirements.

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Terrarium Care

Monday, November 16th, 2009


Wind is probably rarely considered when deciding the possible environmental conditions in which to place an individual lizard specimen, and although the presence or absence of wind is probably not a crucial factor in successfully maintaining lizards, it seems appropriate that any environmental condition that can be duplicated in the captive habitat of any animal should be attempted.

     Adequate air circulation certainly is necessary in any enclosed lizard habitat to prevent air stagnation, and in the case of tropical rain-forest environments, to prevent the growth of molds and other fungi.

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Terrarium Care

Friday, November 13th, 2009


Throughout the night, during the daylight hours the radiation of heat from a light source, which enables the lizard to bask, is the preferred method.

     When light bulbs are used in conjunction with “hot rocks” a wider variety of temperatures becomes available to the lizard. The “heating” rock can be positioned on the floor and strategically placed in the lizard’s environment. The specimen then has the option of climbing onto the device, where it can regulate its body temperature in much the same manner as it would by lying on a warm rock. For fear of the obvious hazards of electricity, these devices as well as all other electrical equipment should never be exposed to wetness unless it can be guaranteed that the unit in question is waterproof.

     Humidity requirements for lizards vary from species to species, depending on the climate they come from.  A climate is comprised of many different elements, including: mean annual temperature; precipitation; relative humidity; amount of sunshine/cloudiness; and wind direction and velocity.

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