S.Salamandra Larvae

January 24th, 2012


The latter spot is a trademark of S. salamandra larvae and is not present in the larvae of related species. The larvae possess a pair of feathery gills just like those of Triturus species, but the salamander larva is more robust in build. On reaching a length of 5-6 cm (2-2 1/2 in) the larvae begin to develop the vivid coloration of the adults, at first slowly but more rapidly as time goes by. The gills begin to be absorbed, the flat swimming tail becomes rounded, and the amphibian metamorphoses to become ready for its terrestrial existence. It is impossible to give an exact period of time from birth to metamorphosis, although spring-born larvae will usually become terrestrial by autumn; those born later in the year may pass the winter as larvae and metamorphose in the spring of the following year.

On land the young salamanders will hunt, usually at dusk and in the darkness, for various small invertebrates that they will catch with their sticky, protrusible tongues. They may also be seen foraging on the forest floor after heavy rain during warm weather. Fire salamanders are rarely preyed upon by other creatures, their warning coloration indicating that they are distasteful, indeed poisonous, because of the toxic secretions of the skin glands.

 

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The Larvae

January 20th, 2012


His mate can have access to the sperm packet. Lying quietly, the male allows her to maneuver her vent over the sperm packet and take it up in the lips of her cloaca. The mating process takes approximately half an hour, after which the female is released by the male and both go their separate ways.

The time from fertilization to the birth of the larvae is about ten months. Sometimes the sperm packet may be retained in the cloaca for several months, even though the winter, so that eggs may be fertilized at a more favorable time. The larvae develop full term in the eggs while still in the body of the parent, who will seek out a suitable body of water as soon as birth becomes imminent. Only cool streams and ponds in half shadow are selected. The female will search for a suitable shallow spot into which she can release up to 50 hatching eggs or newly hatched larvae. In certain cases, especially in the southern part of the range or where free water is scarce, the larvae may be retained right through metamorphosis and tiny replicas of the adults may be deposited.

At birth, the larvae are about 2.5 cm (1 in) in length and are colored somewhere between yellowish gray and brownish black. The body is usually speckled with little yellow spots, with a larger one at the base of each leg; the latter spot is a trademark of S. salamandra larvae and is not present in the larvae of related species.

 

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Salamanders Protective Barrier

January 16th, 2012


Most species have glands in the skin that will release poisonous or irritant substances in times of danger. It is therefore advisable to wash your hands each time after handling salamanders, as these substances, if transferred to the eyes or mucous membranes, can cause severe pain, irritation, and inflammation.

As the winter approaches, in most parts of its range T. cristatus will prepare for its winter hibernation, a period that is important to prepare it for the forthcoming breeding season. The newts burrow, deeply into the earth, often using tree roots of the burrows of other animals, until they reach a depth that will remain frost-free throughout the winter. Before hibernating, it is important that the newts have built up their fat reserves by consuming large quantities of insects. (Species from temperate areas may be kept in captivity without hibernation by simply keeping them warm, but such specimens are less likely to breed in the spring and their life spans will be somewhat shortened.) In the spring, as soon as the rays of the sun begin to warm up the surface, the newts will wake up and make their way to the breeding ponds. Young T. cristatus do not normally breed until they are in their second season.

 

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More on Proper Heating

January 12th, 2012


One of the most satisfactory ways of heating insects in the undergrowth for the remaining part of the summer and early autumn, usually confining their activities to the nighttime or dusk and dawn. During the day both adults and newly metamorphosed young will hide in some safe cavity, perhaps under or within rotten fallen timber, under rocks, or in the leaf litter. The adults lose their breeding dress during the terrestrial stage, the male losing his crest and dorsal pattern, becoming plain black above but retaining the bright orange and black belly.

Many species of newts and salamanders possess bright colors that act as a warning to predators that they are poisonous or distasteful.

 

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Heating

January 8th, 2012


Very few salamanders other than those from tropical and subtropical areas will require supplementary heating other than that provided by the normal room temperatures of the average household. As tropical species also require a high humidity, it is best to install apparatus that will provide both warmth and moist air.

 

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The Terrarium Lid

January 4th, 2012


This not only prevents the inmates from escaping (some salamanders are extremely adept at crawling up a sheer glass surface because the slimy body secretions can produce suction), it forms a housing for the lighting system (and heating system if it is required) and provides ventilation. A terrarium lid may be made from plastic (common in purchased terraria) but also could be fashioned from plywood given a couple of coats of non-toxic gloss paint to render it damp-proof. A couple of large holes are made in the top of the lid and covered with a fine gauge mesh. The lid should be at least 15 cm (6 in) deep to allow for the lighting apparatus.

 

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Life Support Systems

December 31st, 2011


As well as the basic tank and its decorations, there are a number of life support systems that may be essential to the well-being of the inmates. These include heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and water filtration. All of these systems warrant discussion in some detail.

 

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The Aqua-Terrarium

December 27th, 2011


The aqua-terrarium is one that contains roughly equal land and water areas. Such containers are suitable for those salamanders that spend equal amounts of time on the land and in the water or those that spend the breeding season in an aquatic environment. An ordinary aquarium tank can be used. A partition of glass some 15 cm (6 in) high can be placed across the bottom of the tank and sealed into place to form a watertight barrier between the land and swimming areas. The substrate of the water area can be about 2.5 cm (1 in) deep, thus leaving a water depth of about 12.5 cm (5 in). A rock gradient can be placed up the side of the glass partition to allow easy access and egress of the inmates. The land area is filled to about half with pebbles and coarse gravel to provide drainage. If possible, drainage holes should be made in the base of the land area to prevent excessive waterlogging. A mixture of garden loam, peat, and clean sand can be placed over the pebbles to bring the land up to water level. These materials should be sterilized to reduce the possibility of souring and molding. A slab grassy turf can be placed over the whole land area (this can be changed at regular intervals) or green moss clumps can be used. For extra decoration a couple of dwarf potted plants can be sunk into the substrate, and mossy bark, stone caves, or pieces of broken clay flowerpots can be used to provide shelters for the inmates.

For those with greater ambition, a more natural aqua-terrarium can be made by using a very large tank and building up a rockery at the rear. The tank can be situated in an alcove in the house or conservatory. In such cases, the whole of the aquarium the aqua-terrarium, but free water is not strictly necessary for the welfare of the inmates. However, high humidity is essential and regular misting (with a plant sprayer) must be carried out. For safety’s sake, it is advisable to have a small dish of water available at all times.

 

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The Salamander

December 23rd, 2011


Usually with the smaller ones at the front and graduating to taller specimens at the rear and ends. Larger salamanders can be quite violent with their surroundings and will continually uproot weak plants, so only robust specimens should be used, these being allowed to establish strong root systems before any animals are introduced. Such aquaria are suitable for rearing the larvae of many species of salamanders and newts as well as for permanently keeping those forms that are totally aquatic.

 

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Different Parts of Reptiles

December 19th, 2011


Nocturnal: Active by night

Occipital condyle: The point at the rear of the skull to which the vertebral column attaches. In reptiles the condyle is single; in amphibians it it paired.

Pentadactyl: Having five digits.

Secondary palate: A bony reinforcement along the roof of the mouth, found principally in skinks.

Temporal fossa: The opening found behind the eye in the skull. In some forms the fossa is roofed over by bone, while in others it exists as a large gap, frequently bordered inferiorly by a temporal arch.

Zygantra: A pair of recesses in the vertebrae of snakes into which the paired zygosphenes insert.

Zygosphenes: Paired projections located on the posterior surface of the vertebrae of snakes. These insert into the zygantra to prevent the serpent’s body from twisting on its axis. These processes are generally not found in lizards.

 

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